Graphene medical applications have not yet gone out of the lab
Known as the "king of new materials", graphene not only attracts social attention in electronic products, new energy batteries, and aerospace, but is also regarded as the key to the next medical revolution in the medical field.
Recently, the research team of the University of Olomouc, Czech Republic announced the use of graphene to develop the world's smallest metal magnet, which can be applied to many fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, water treatment, biochemistry and electronics. In view of the greater surface area, biocompatibility, and chemical stability of graphene, graphene is expected to be highly effective in drug delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensing.
In vitro detection
Biosensing is a new technology that is developing rapidly. In medical applications, the use of graphene as a sensor for in vitro detection is an important research and application direction.
"At present, the research of graphene in the medical field has just started, some of which stay at the theoretical level, and a few can be experimentally studied. Only the function of in vitro detection as a sensor is expected to be pushed to industrial application." 2016 China International Graphene in Qingdao At the Innovation Conference, Cui Daxiang, Vice President of the Institute of Translational Medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, accepted an exclusive interview with China Business News.
The combination of graphene and other nanoparticles has been demonstrated in clinical trials as a sensor for in vitro disease detection. The research team of Shanghai Jiaotong University has made some breakthroughs in this aspect. They have demonstrated the application of breath detection and saliva detection.
Tumor markers or disease markers in exhaled gases are very small, so the sensitivity to detection is extremely high. Graphene can increase the sensitivity of detection by at least three orders of magnitude compared to conventional routine detection, and some can even achieve single molecule detection.
According to reports, Cui Daxiang's team has developed a sensor to detect gastric cancer by exhaling, and the technology is relatively mature, the team will further study the detection of lung cancer and other tumors.
"After our argumentation, breath test should be the fourth largest routine test for blood routine, urine routine and stool routine. It is more convenient to exhale, and non-invasive, to detect physical changes at any time and any place," Cui Daxiang said.
Previously, in 2015, Professor Zhang Guojun from the Nano Biosensing Center of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine teamed up with Professor Wang Hua of the College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion to deposit gold nanoparticles and graphene on the tip surface of acupuncture needles by electrochemical method to construct nano-acupuncture. Sensor pin.
It is reported that such nano-acupuncture sensor needles are not only stable, but also sensitive to PH. They also have good detection sensitivity and selectivity for neurotransmitters such as dopamine, and can be used for the detection of dopamine in the body.
In vivo treatment
In addition to in vitro testing, current research involves graphene for drug delivery vehicles, oncology treatment, antimicrobial sterilization, and artificial implant devices. However, it should not be overlooked that in vivo therapeutic applications are still in the early stages and the risks are high. "Graphene medical treatment will be the first to be used in in vitro testing, and in vivo treatment is in no way possible, and it is likely to die." Cui Daxiang is not optimistic about the in vivo treatment.
Graphene can be used for drug delivery, primarily due to its large surface area allowing for the delivery of large amounts of drug to specific areas of the body. Graphene oxide can be used as an anticancer agent against specific cancer cells. Combined with current therapies, it may shrink the tumor, curb the rate of cancer development, and relapse after treatment.
Experiments have shown that graphene can be used as an immunosynthesis agent to assist other drugs to improve the therapeutic effect. After the coupling of graphene and sarcosine, it can stimulate the immune cells in the body to secrete more cytokines, while the cytokines have a killing effect on the tumor, and the immunity is obviously improved. But this technology still has some distance to human body applications.
"Now technology can do it, and the biggest problem is security." Cui Daxiang said.
Because graphene has good conductivity, it can be modified on the surface of the electrode and inserted into the nerve, which is helpful for the treatment of electric stimulation such as senile dementia. Previously, researchers at the Michigan Institute of Technology introduced graphene into 3D printed nerve tissue and developed a polymer material to grow tissue using graphene as an electrical conductor.
In January of this year, researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK successfully implanted graphene electrodes into the brain of mice and directly connected them to neurons. After the researchers conducted the experiment, it was found that the electrodes made of graphene materials can be safely connected with the brain neurons, and after the connections, the neurons can normally transmit the electric wave signals, and transmit the brain wave signals to the outside world to make the outside world clearer. Clearly understand brain activity and repair perception.
This technology can be used to repair the sensory function of amputation, paralysis, and even Parkinson's disease in the future, to help them better recover. For example, the robotic arm can be used to receive brain wave signals for grasping.
Whether it is drug delivery or cancer treatment, the application of these in vivo therapies remains at the experimental level. The safety of graphene for in vivo treatment has been the biggest risk of this research. Once it is unable to be excreted from the body, it will enter the liver and lungs, causing irritation to the cells and causing lesions.
"In vitro testing will be the first application. Due to safety issues, in addition to the electrodes in the body, other carrier applications may be less and less. If it can not be proved to be degraded or excreted in the body, it will definitely die." Cui Daxiang said frankly.
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